They’re called comforters and very common in many places. I rarely see duvets where I live. You just wash them periodically like anything else.
Bed bugs need to be introduced to the home from a source somewhere and a duvet cover won’t help if they are.

We also lacked indoor plumbing, sanitation, sewage management, and typically had livestock near people as there were no highways or 18-wheelers to deliver meat from a farm in another region.
Life was stanky for thousands of years.